Ethical Issues Essays - 1576 Words

Ethical Issues Autonomy – The ideal of self-determination is the basis for autonomy. It is important that a patient be allowed to decide what should be done to his or her own body. In other words, nobody else has the right to assert their power over another. Likewise, a physician should be allowed to decide not to perform a procedure if doing so would conflict with his or her values. In the Cruzan case, Nancy’s autonomy by way of her parents’ substituted judgment was overridden in favor of the State of Missouri’s policy to preserve life. Although the Supreme Court did not deny that Nancy had the right to refuse nutrition/hydration, there was not enough clear and convincing evidence to know that refusal was what Nancy truly†¦show more content†¦The State did not actually contest Nancy’s right to refuse treatment. The State wanted to make absolutely certain that there was a standard of evidence available to protect the patient in the case that the sur rogates were not acting on behalf of the patient’s wishes. Furthermore, disrespecting Nancy’s autonomy would have done more harm than good to the profession of medicine. Patients want reassurance that the physician will not override their decisions in an act of paternalism (as well-intended as the physician may be). Lastly, the physician may have a conflict with withdrawing treatment, but he or she must distinguish the difference between withholding a desired treatment versus withdrawing a treatment that is unwanted. Competency – When discussing ethical issues concerning health care, competency refers not only to the ability of a patient to make a decision, but also to the ability of the patient to understand that decision. Included in comprehending the decision is also the patients understanding the consequences of his or her decision on both oneself and others. The determination of patient competency is not measured on any standard scale, but rather a common sense determination made by the physician. In order to make that determination, the physician must realize that the patient need not understand necessarily how the treatment works, but rather the consequences of accepting various treatments or refusingShow MoreRelatedThe Ethical Issues On Civil Journalism2970 Words   |  12 Pagesmodels and the exponential increase in â€Å"publishing† capabilities, there is an urgent need to identify news sources that are genuinely journalistic.’ (Meyers, Wyatt, Borden, Wasserman.) What I wish to bring out and elaborate in this paper are the ethical issues on how civil journalism, despite the acceptance and cooperation with professional journalism, is differentiated from its professional and vetted track. With the growth of technology and the ability to capture images, videos, and sounds alongRead MoreEthical Issues, Shareholder Or Stakeholder Responsibility, Regulatory Relationships Or Sexual Harassment Or Discrimination?2561 Words   |  11 Pagesspecific problem of ethical leadership, such as environmental issues, shareholder or stakeholder responsibility, regulatory relationships or sexual harassment or discrimination. â€Å"Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed by respect for ethical beliefs and values and for the dignity and rights of others. It is thus related to concepts such as trust, honesty, consideration, charisma and fairness.† Face the complexity involved in making ethical choices: Openly talk about the ethical hazy areas andRead MoreEthical Issue : Ethical Issues952 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Issues: When it comes to ethical issues in this case it really surrounds the question is the â€Å"healthy† snack is truly healthy and whether or not it will make individuals sick? Questions like what would happen to the reputation of the company are also in play? Finally, the fact that the employee came from another company and you, the company are assuming that what your employee is telling you is true. The company might also be liable in a way, from that employee squeaking about the otherRead MoreEthical Issues1128 Words   |  5 PagesEthics Issues University of Phoenix MGT 216 Organizational Ethics and Social Responsibility 20th July, 2009 Ethics Issues Less than a year ago a regional property supervisor working for California Commercial Investment found an accountant stealing from the company. More specifically, the accountant was posting charges for one of our buildings (i.e. labor and supplies for painting), cutting checks, misleading the owner to sign them and cashing them for himself. He was able to steal a few thousandRead MoreEthical Issue1171 Words   |  5 Pagesadopt, it is very essential, in order to deliver reason to what would or else it’s being a very complicated case as with society. People who build and use the technology, it’s their responsible to confirm that it is applied in a responsible and ethical conduct. It just as with society does not suggest any real safe, because sustains complete social cooperation or noncooperation of developing moral code, for controlling the misuse of technology. Ethics in Security Most organizations bargainRead MoreEthical Issues With Ethical Marketing Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesIssues with Ethical Marketing Ethical problems in marketing starts with conflicts and disagreements. Each party in the marketing transaction brings expectations of how the business relationship will exist and how the transaction should be conducted. Some ethical problems in marketing research aren’t always the invasion of privacy and stereotyping. Selective marketing is used to discourage the demand from undesirable markets or just by disenfranchising them altogether. Examples of unethical marketRead MoreEthical Scenarios : Ethical And Ethical Issues1414 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Scenario Mid Term The scenario presented comes with several ethical issues that can be discussed. The treatment of two clients that are in a relationship or related puts a practitioner in a difficult ethical position and can pose as a threat to the practitioners practice and reputation if situations are not handled in an appropriate manner. In the case of Hillary and Matthew, the practitioner should have considered their relationship when it was first disclosed to them. The ending situationRead MoreEthical Issues3368 Words   |  14 PagesEthical Issues in Gerontology Ethical Issues in Gerontology Nowadays, nurses who provide elder care are faced with several legal and ethical dilemmas in a daily basis. Besides to the social and legal dilemma it creates, elder abuse, neglect or also known as elder mistreatment is a massive health care crisis that can lead to long term health complications and even death (Fulmer Greenberg, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to review the literature and examine the nature ofRead MoreEthical Ethics And Ethical Issues1180 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues in organizations are inevitable and are always on the horizon. These ethical concerns can directly impact the overall health of an organization in both positive and negative aspects. In order to be prepared for the ethical issues that will arise and to create an organizational competitive advantage, an intentional focus and effective communication of the code of ethics must be incorporated as a part of strategic planning. Sherwin (1983) indicates the that the term ethics, â€Å"refer s toRead MoreEthical Implications Of Ethical Issues Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesEthical issues are becoming very essential and critical topic for examining the organization’s performance. According to Chang, (2011) nowadays, every organization has realized the vitality that ethical functionality gives to a business and need of attention to this emerging responsibility of organizations. 1.1. Growth and Ethics Consumer’s Perspective According to Shaw and Shiu, (2003) the concerns for ethical issues have been well documented in the ethical literature. They showed that there

The Nigeria Petroleum Corporation - 898 Words

Introduction A business is a commercial activity where a group of people with similar interest trade good and deliver services with the purpose of making profit. From the definition, a business cannot operate in an area with little or no activity. This report will examine the relationship NNPC capabilities and environmental influences using PESTLE models. PESTLE Analysis is an analytical tool for strategic organizational planning. PESTLE is a strategic scheme for understanding external influences on a business. PESTLE stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (Worthington Britton, 2009). It also concentrates on one of the biggest petroleum companies in Nigeria; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). Information on this report will give a general overview on the organization, analyze the PESTLE factors as well as discuss three of these factors that affect the operation of the business. Finally, the possible future challenges that the organization might face as it grows will be discussed. BRIEF DESCRPTION OF NIGERIA NATIONAL PETROLEUM CORPORATION (NNPC) Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation was as a result of merger between the Nigeria National Oil Corporation (NNOC) and the Ministry of Petroleum Resources created the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) on April 1, 1977. Nigeria joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1971 and established the Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC).Show MoreRelatedThe Joint Venture Relationship Between Chevron Nigeria Limited And Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation3166 Words   |  13 Pages2.0 RATIONALE This course work is an analysis of the Joint Venture relationship between Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) and the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). There is an alignment between the strategic intent of CNL that of NNPC; the JV relationship has experienced a barrage of contentious issues ranging from underhanded financial practices, breach of trust and agreements, and the pervasive inability of the NNPC to fulfill its own part of the cash calls in funding the venture.Read MoreThe Petroleum Revenue And Economic Growth Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesPROPOSED TITLE: The Petroleum Revenue and Economic Growth in Nigeria. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND The Petroleum industry in Nigeria is the largest source of government revenue and it occupies a pivotal position in term of foreign exchange earnings with about 90 percent and over 80 percent contribution to the Gross domestic product. Petroleum sector is the mainstay of Nigerian economy since its discovery in commercial quantity in Oloibiri, Bayelsa State Nigeria in 1956. From 1970 to 2009,Read MoreThe Giant Bomu Oil Field Essay1531 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction The petroleum sector began to add significant role and shape to the Nigerian economy and the political arena and destiny of the country in the early 1060s. However, when Nigeria became an independent nation in 1st October 1960, Shell – BP began to give out its acreage and its exploration licenses were converted in to prospecting licenses that allowed development and production ( Bamberg, 2000; Vassilion, 2009). Following the increase dominance of the Nigerian economy by petroleum sector, theRead MoreThe First Commercial Discovery And Operation Of Oil And Gas Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesoperation of oil and gas in Nigeria commenced effectively in 1956. Since then, the Nigerian economy has over time become largely dependent on petroleum. Petroleum accounts for about one-third of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 76% of government revenue, and 95% of the foreign exchange earnings. Nigeria is the 11th largest crude oil producer in the world, and the largest cr ude oil producer in Africa contributing about 3% of the global crude oil production . Nigeria is also the 9th countryRead MoreThe Effects of Petroleum Business on Nigeria1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe largest petroleum-producing nation in Africa is Nigeria. The petroleum company is the main contributing factor of the GDP in the West African nation, which is also the continents, most noticeable and populous reserves. Since Nigeria was under British control it has suffered socio-economic and political adversities for decades. Corrupt domestic militias and complicity of multinational corporations have rid the nation of its natural resources. The same corporations that are ridding the land andRead MoreSWOT Analysis of Shell in Nigeria1364 Words   |  5 Pagescompanies have worked together since 1903. Shell includes companies like Shell Petroleum of the USA (which wholly owns Shell Oil of the USA and many subsidiaries), Shell Nigeria, Shell Argentina, Shell South Africa, and other indi vidual subsidiaries (shell.com). Shells parent, Royal Dutch/Shell Group is the worlds second largest private sector energy corporation in the world, behind Exxon/Mobil and ahead of British Petroleum. The Royal Dutch/Shell group has proved reserves of 14.4 billion barrels ofRead MoreConceptual Framework And Literature Review Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesto the study. 2.1.1 THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The concept of corporate social responsibility according to Steiner and Steiner (2000) in Nwaeke (2005) is the duty of a corporation to create wealth by using means that would avoid harm to protect or enhance societal assets. It is a corporation initiative to assess and take responsibility for the company’s effects on environmental and social wellbeing (www.investopedia.com). It applies to efforts that go beyond what may be requiredRead MoreV Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. Legal Brief1219 Words   |  5 PagesKiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. Legal Brief Case Identity: Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co., 569 U.S. Facts: Plaintiffs are residents of Nigeria, who claim that Dutch, British, and Nigerian corporations engaged in aggressive oil exploration and production, aided and abetted the Nigerian government in committing violations of the law of nations related to crimes against humanity and human rights abuses. Royal Dutch and Shell are parent companies incorporated in the Netherlands and the UnitedRead MoreNigerian National Petroleum Corporation : Oil1616 Words   |  7 Pages During the 1950’s vast reserves of petroleum were discovered in Nigeria, making oil a crucial aspect of the Nigerian economy. Foreign oil companies have then since dominated the oil exploration, drilling, and shipping and 87% of the government’s revenue comes from oil production. Shell Oil decided to enter Nigeria in 1937 through a joint venture with the government owned Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (55%), Total EP Nigeria Ltd (10%), and Agip Oil Company Limited (5%). Shell Oil controlsRea d MoreShell Oil in Nigeria1174 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Shell Oil in Nigeria 1. What are some of the factors explaining why corruption and bribery are so high in Nigeria? Nigeria is considered to be one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Many different forms of corruption are familiar to Nigeria including political corruption, bureaucratic corruption, electoral corruption, embezzlement, and bribery. Corruption has even been said to be a viable enterprise in Nigeria due to the involvement of citizens, government officials, and private

Critique of “Being Logical” Free Essays

Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking by D. Q. McInerny is an introduction to the science and art of thinking and living logically. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique of â€Å"Being Logical† or any similar topic only for you Order Now The 129-page guide was published in 2005 by Random House Trade Paperbacks and can be purchased for around ten dollars. The author D. Q. McInerny is currently a professor at Our Lady of Guadalupe Seminary in Lincoln, Nebraska and has written a variety of pieces on religious philosophy to include Philosophical Psychology, and an article on the use of contraception. In the words of McInerny, â€Å"Logic is the very backbone of true education† (McInerny, 2005, p. x). Yet in the Preface, he goes on to say â€Å"To my mind, logic is the missing piece of the American educational system, the subject that informs every other subject from English to history to science and math† (McInerny, 2005, p. ix). In his book McInerny attempts to guide his readers through the process of seeing the world and evaluating their circumstances in an objective and critical manner. Ultimately he aims to instill an intrinsic need for truth gained through logic that his readers will utilize in everyd ay life. Being logical consists of five sections, the first three serve as a foundation for logical thinking. They consist of Preparing the Mind for Logic, The Basic Principles of logic and Argument – the Language of Logic. The last two sections, The Sources of Illogical Thinking and The Principal Forms of Illogical Thinking put the foundations of logic into action by pointing out errors that one may make while attempting sound logic. The last two sections, specifically section five synthesizes the material previously covered in the book by defining the ways in which reasoning can go awry. McInerny wrote of 28 principal forms of illogical thinking. The eleven most notable forms of illogical thinking can be grouped by their basic causes: a basic misinterpretation of language and arrival at a conclusion through illogical processes, a lack of critical thinking or attention to the matter at hand, and finally, purposefully misleading and manipulative argumentation. Undistributed middle, begging the question and inability to disprove does not prove all occur when one misinterprets the language of an argument or comes to a conclusion through an illogical process. According to McInerny Undistributed middle occurs when one falsely attributes traits to the conclusion based on a term or statement in the premise that is not universal or always true. For example, many elite marathon runners are Kenyan. Aallyah is Kenyan therefore she is an elite marathoner. Similar to undistributed middle, begging the question is when a statement seams like an argument that proves the conclusion when in truth the assertion is simply stated twice in different words. There is not actually any supporting evidence to prove the assertion. For example, because Jimmy goes to the gym on a regular basis, Jimmy has good physical fitness. Another form of illogical thinking is the assertion that the inability to disprove something in effect proves it. For example, just because one cannot disprove the existence of a higher power or God, does not prove that God exists. It is a matter that has not been proven or disproven therefore it is simply a matter of faith or opinion not at all based in logical fact. Abusing tradition, democratic fallacy and abuses of expertise all stem from lack of critical thinking, attention to the matter at hand or weak-minded group think. Sometimes tradition is followed simply because it is the way things have always been regardless of its logical merit or usefulness. Conversely, a sound tradition is often abandoned simply for the sake of innovation. Both of these failures in logic are forms of using and abusing tradition. The quality of a tradition should be judged on its merit and effectiveness not simply its longevity. The Democratic Fallacy occurs when a conclusion or opinion is held as true simply because the majority believes it. For example, society used to believe that the world was flat and the sun revolved around the earth, which is obviously a false assertion. The use of an expert opinion can be very powerful in an argument as long as the expert backs up his or her opinion with fact and concrete rational. If one asserts that a specific conclusion is true simply based on the fact that an expert says so, they are not in essence proving their assertion at all because they aren’t making an argument, they are simply making a statement. If a lawyer in a murder trial placed an expert whiteness on the stand, and simply asked them â€Å" in your expert opinion, did the defendant committed the offence† they would be abusing expertise and not actually presenting any argument at all. If the lawyer asked the expert to explain the evidence and why it leads to the conclusion, then he or she would be presenting a good argument. In section five McInerny points out that it is essential to be aware of purposefully misleading and manipulative argumentation when attempting to logically analyze a situation. Ad hominem, red herring, straw man, false dilemma and simplistic reasoning are all ways in which one can manipulate an audience incorrectly. Ad hominem and red herring are both forms of false reasoning in which one plays on the emotions of the audience to manipulate them. The ad hominem fallacy is when one responds to the individual making an argument, using information irrelevant to the argument to gain emotional control over the audience and sway them against the opponent. If one is discussing a topic with someone they dislike and rather than analyzing the others argument, they simply attack the other personally, the attacking individual is guilty of the Ad Hominem Fallacy. The opinion of the audience can be changed solely on their emotional response to the individual making the argument not on the logic of their position. The red herring fallacy is much like the ad hominem fallacy in that they both divert the audience’s attention from the actual issue being argued. In this fallacy, one interjects inflammatory information aimed at distracting and swaying a specific audience base solely on their emotions. This ploy is seen constantly in debates for political office. The paradox between public approval of the death penalty and disapproval of abortion is one that is seen frequently in political debate. In this example the opinion of specific majorities seem to be swayed more by emotional and religious appeals than consistent logic. One may play to the emotional image of an innocent baby being murdered, saying that humans cannot play God per say and that it isn’t our right to choose. While in the latter instance they can play on the image of an evil murderous criminal needing to be punished for his or her actions, and completely disregard the original assertion that it is not right for humans to play God. Straw man, false dilemma and simplistic reasoning are all ways in which one can manipulate their audience not by emotional appeals but by somehow falsifying a specific aspect of the situation being analyzed. Straw Man Fallacy is when one purposefully misinterprets another’s argument in order to weaken it. If one realized that they were wrong, yet pretended to misinterpret the other persons argument to evade admitting that their argument is inferior they would be committing the Straw Man Fallacy. A false dilemma occurs when one analyzes a question or situation on the false pretext that there are only two options when, in fact, there are many possibilities. A historic example of a false dilemma can be seen in the political and social drama surrounding the United States decision to invade Iraq in 2003. According to a Pew Research Center poll in 2003 over 71 percent of Americans were proponents of Operation Iraqi Freedom (Keeter, 2007). This sentiment was furthered by emotional patriotism brought on by September 11th, which led to the attitude of â€Å"you are either for us or against us†. Although many Americans viewed the situation as a dilemma, there were many other options at the government’s disposal that could have utilized other forms of national power and influence. Simplistic reasoning is the act of simplifying a complex situation or reality so much that its true meaning is altered and the truth is lost. Parents often use simplistic reasoning when answering their children’s complex questions about life. Often when a child asks where they came from, a parent will respond with a myriad of simplistic stories. These responses are completely untrue but the parent wants to protect the child from the truth that they feel is inappropriate and may also think the child wont understand the complexities of procreation. Simplistic reasoning in this instance my be justified, however when it is used to manipulate or shelter adult audiences it is a gross misrepresentation of the truth. In section five, McInerny succeeds at highlighting the many ways in which attempted logic can fail. He defines each form of illogical thinking with brevity and in terms any reader can understand. Awareness of these possible mistakes will assuredly help readers follow more logical thought processes and avoid illogical thinking. The first three chapters of the book however, are not as helpful or pertinent. McInerny starts out by explaining the close relationship between language and logic, stating that they are in fact â€Å"inseparable† (McInerny, 2005, p. 3). Conscious thought is indeed dictated by language. One can have feelings and emotions without language but when one realizes an actual cognitive thought, they think it in words. McInerny states that the â€Å"concrete expression of logical reasoning is the argument† (McInerny, 2005, p. 47). Thus he spends a great deal of time detailing and defining the basic structure and function of the English language and the language of an argument. He caveats these first three sections by saying that â€Å"readers might be put off by what they perceive to be an emphasis upon the obvious. I do, in fact, place a good deal of stress on the obvious in this book, and that is quite deliberate. In logic, as in life, it is the obvious that most often bears emphasizing, because it so easily escapes our notice† (McInerny, 2005, p. x). Although language and our use of it holds a symbiotic relationship with logic, McInerny spends 88 uninspired pages defining and over complicating aspects of language that are, as he says, obvious. Instead of putting his readers to sleep by dissecting and defining the rudimentary construct of the English language, he could have emphasized the importance of paying attention to obvious details. Using interesting historical examples of either sound logic or attempted logic gone awry would make a much more memorable impact. Instead, readers feel as though they are wading through the sludge of an SAT or ACT preparatory guide. Ultimately, McInerny succeeds in writing a basic guide to the science of logic however; Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking does not inspire readers to internalize a desire for truth gained through the art of logical thinking. The book is a dry and simplistic analysis of logic that lacks any inspiring or memorable real world examples that a reader could call upon while logically navigating their everyday life. References Keeter, S. (2007). Trends in Public Opinion About the War in Iraq, 2003-2007. Retrieved October 3, 2011 from Pew Research Center Publications: http://pewresearch. org/pubs/431/trends-in-public-opinion-about-the-war-in-iraq-2003-2007. MCInerny, D. Q. (2005). Being Logical: A Guide to Good Thinking. New York: Random House Trade Paperbacks. How to cite Critique of â€Å"Being Logical†, Papers